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-rw-r--r--examples/.gitignore19
-rw-r--r--examples/Makefile36
-rw-r--r--examples/bubsort.c38
-rw-r--r--examples/cat.c34
-rw-r--r--examples/cmp.c68
-rw-r--r--examples/cp.c55
-rw-r--r--examples/echo.c14
-rw-r--r--examples/halt.c14
-rw-r--r--examples/hello.c9
-rw-r--r--examples/hex-dump.c35
-rw-r--r--examples/insult.c369
-rw-r--r--examples/lib/.gitignore1
-rw-r--r--examples/lib/user/.dummy0
-rw-r--r--examples/lib/user/.gitignore1
-rw-r--r--examples/lineup.c46
-rw-r--r--examples/ls.c90
-rw-r--r--examples/matmult.c57
-rw-r--r--examples/mcat.c45
-rw-r--r--examples/mcp.c68
-rw-r--r--examples/mkdir.c24
-rw-r--r--examples/pwd.c152
-rw-r--r--examples/recursor.c34
-rw-r--r--examples/rm.c21
-rw-r--r--examples/shell.c104
-rw-r--r--examples/test.c101
25 files changed, 1435 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/examples/.gitignore b/examples/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9e09d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
1cat
2cmp
3cp
4echo
5halt
6hex-dump
7ls
8mcat
9mcp
10mkdir
11pwd
12rm
13shell
14bubsort
15insult
16lineup
17matmult
18recursor
19*.d
diff --git a/examples/Makefile b/examples/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f773950
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
1SRCDIR = ..
2
3# Test programs to compile, and a list of sources for each.
4# To add a new test, put its name on the PROGS list
5# and then add a name_SRC line that lists its source files.
6PROGS = cat cmp cp echo halt hello hex-dump ls mcat mcp mkdir pwd rm shell \
7 bubsort insult lineup matmult recursor test
8
9# Should work from project 2 onward.
10cat_SRC = cat.c
11cmp_SRC = cmp.c
12cp_SRC = cp.c
13echo_SRC = echo.c
14halt_SRC = halt.c
15hello_SRC = hello.c
16hex-dump_SRC = hex-dump.c
17insult_SRC = insult.c
18lineup_SRC = lineup.c
19ls_SRC = ls.c
20recursor_SRC = recursor.c
21rm_SRC = rm.c
22test_SRC = test.c
23
24# Should work in project 3; also in project 4 if VM is included.
25bubsort_SRC = bubsort.c
26matmult_SRC = matmult.c
27mcat_SRC = mcat.c
28mcp_SRC = mcp.c
29
30# Should work in project 4.
31mkdir_SRC = mkdir.c
32pwd_SRC = pwd.c
33shell_SRC = shell.c
34
35include $(SRCDIR)/Make.config
36include $(SRCDIR)/Makefile.userprog
diff --git a/examples/bubsort.c b/examples/bubsort.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..343219e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/bubsort.c
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
1/* sort.c
2
3 Test program to sort a large number of integers.
4
5 Intention is to stress virtual memory system.
6
7 Ideally, we could read the unsorted array off of the file
8 system, and store the result back to the file system! */
9#include <stdio.h>
10
11/* Size of array to sort. */
12#define SORT_SIZE 128
13
14int
15main (void)
16{
17 /* Array to sort. Static to reduce stack usage. */
18 static int array[SORT_SIZE];
19
20 int i, j, tmp;
21
22 /* First initialize the array in descending order. */
23 for (i = 0; i < SORT_SIZE; i++)
24 array[i] = SORT_SIZE - i - 1;
25
26 /* Then sort in ascending order. */
27 for (i = 0; i < SORT_SIZE - 1; i++)
28 for (j = 0; j < SORT_SIZE - 1 - i; j++)
29 if (array[j] > array[j + 1])
30 {
31 tmp = array[j];
32 array[j] = array[j + 1];
33 array[j + 1] = tmp;
34 }
35
36 printf ("sort exiting with code %d\n", array[0]);
37 return array[0];
38}
diff --git a/examples/cat.c b/examples/cat.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8d229d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/cat.c
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
1/* cat.c
2
3 Prints files specified on command line to the console. */
4
5#include <stdio.h>
6#include <syscall.h>
7
8int
9main (int argc, char *argv[])
10{
11 bool success = true;
12 int i;
13
14 for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
15 {
16 int fd = open (argv[i]);
17 if (fd < 0)
18 {
19 printf ("%s: open failed\n", argv[i]);
20 success = false;
21 continue;
22 }
23 for (;;)
24 {
25 char buffer[1024];
26 int bytes_read = read (fd, buffer, sizeof buffer);
27 if (bytes_read == 0)
28 break;
29 write (STDOUT_FILENO, buffer, bytes_read);
30 }
31 close (fd);
32 }
33 return success ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE;
34}
diff --git a/examples/cmp.c b/examples/cmp.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94b406d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/cmp.c
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
1/* cat.c
2
3 Compares two files. */
4
5#include <stdio.h>
6#include <syscall.h>
7
8int
9main (int argc, char *argv[])
10{
11 int fd[2];
12
13 if (argc != 3)
14 {
15 printf ("usage: cmp A B\n");
16 return EXIT_FAILURE;
17 }
18
19 /* Open files. */
20 fd[0] = open (argv[1]);
21 if (fd[0] < 0)
22 {
23 printf ("%s: open failed\n", argv[1]);
24 return EXIT_FAILURE;
25 }
26 fd[1] = open (argv[2]);
27 if (fd[1] < 0)
28 {
29 printf ("%s: open failed\n", argv[1]);
30 return EXIT_FAILURE;
31 }
32
33 /* Compare data. */
34 for (;;)
35 {
36 int pos;
37 char buffer[2][1024];
38 int bytes_read[2];
39 int min_read;
40 int i;
41
42 pos = tell (fd[0]);
43 bytes_read[0] = read (fd[0], buffer[0], sizeof buffer[0]);
44 bytes_read[1] = read (fd[1], buffer[1], sizeof buffer[1]);
45 min_read = bytes_read[0] < bytes_read[1] ? bytes_read[0] : bytes_read[1];
46 if (min_read == 0)
47 break;
48
49 for (i = 0; i < min_read; i++)
50 if (buffer[0][i] != buffer[1][i])
51 {
52 printf ("Byte %d is %02hhx ('%c') in %s but %02hhx ('%c') in %s\n",
53 pos + i,
54 buffer[0][i], buffer[0][i], argv[1],
55 buffer[1][i], buffer[1][i], argv[2]);
56 return EXIT_FAILURE;
57 }
58
59 if (min_read < bytes_read[1])
60 printf ("%s is shorter than %s\n", argv[1], argv[2]);
61 else if (min_read < bytes_read[0])
62 printf ("%s is shorter than %s\n", argv[2], argv[1]);
63 }
64
65 printf ("%s and %s are identical\n", argv[1], argv[2]);
66
67 return EXIT_SUCCESS;
68}
diff --git a/examples/cp.c b/examples/cp.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86a5cd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/cp.c
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
1/* cat.c
2
3Copies one file to another. */
4
5#include <stdio.h>
6#include <syscall.h>
7
8int
9main (int argc, char *argv[])
10{
11 int in_fd, out_fd;
12
13 if (argc != 3)
14 {
15 printf ("usage: cp OLD NEW\n");
16 return EXIT_FAILURE;
17 }
18
19 /* Open input file. */
20 in_fd = open (argv[1]);
21 if (in_fd < 0)
22 {
23 printf ("%s: open failed\n", argv[1]);
24 return EXIT_FAILURE;
25 }
26
27 /* Create and open output file. */
28 if (!create (argv[2], filesize (in_fd)))
29 {
30 printf ("%s: create failed\n", argv[2]);
31 return EXIT_FAILURE;
32 }
33 out_fd = open (argv[2]);
34 if (out_fd < 0)
35 {
36 printf ("%s: open failed\n", argv[2]);
37 return EXIT_FAILURE;
38 }
39
40 /* Copy data. */
41 for (;;)
42 {
43 char buffer[1024];
44 int bytes_read = read (in_fd, buffer, sizeof buffer);
45 if (bytes_read == 0)
46 break;
47 if (write (out_fd, buffer, bytes_read) != bytes_read)
48 {
49 printf ("%s: write failed\n", argv[2]);
50 return EXIT_FAILURE;
51 }
52 }
53
54 return EXIT_SUCCESS;
55}
diff --git a/examples/echo.c b/examples/echo.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b136f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/echo.c
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
1#include <stdio.h>
2#include <syscall.h>
3
4int
5main (int argc, char **argv)
6{
7 int i;
8
9 for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
10 printf ("%s ", argv[i]);
11 printf ("\n");
12
13 return EXIT_SUCCESS;
14}
diff --git a/examples/halt.c b/examples/halt.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bad7250
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/halt.c
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
1/* halt.c
2
3 Simple program to test whether running a user program works.
4
5 Just invokes a system call that shuts down the OS. */
6
7#include <syscall.h>
8
9int
10main (void)
11{
12 halt ();
13 /* not reached */
14}
diff --git a/examples/hello.c b/examples/hello.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a12fd94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/hello.c
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
1#include <stdio.h>
2#include <syscall.h>
3
4int
5main (int argc, char **argv)
6{
7 printf ("Hello World :)\n");
8 return EXIT_SUCCESS;
9}
diff --git a/examples/hex-dump.c b/examples/hex-dump.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee313f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/hex-dump.c
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
1/* hex-dump.c
2
3 Prints files specified on command line to the console in hex. */
4
5#include <stdio.h>
6#include <syscall.h>
7
8int
9main (int argc, char *argv[])
10{
11 bool success = true;
12 int i;
13
14 for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
15 {
16 int fd = open (argv[i]);
17 if (fd < 0)
18 {
19 printf ("%s: open failed\n", argv[i]);
20 success = false;
21 continue;
22 }
23 for (;;)
24 {
25 char buffer[1024];
26 int pos = tell (fd);
27 int bytes_read = read (fd, buffer, sizeof buffer);
28 if (bytes_read == 0)
29 break;
30 hex_dump (pos, buffer, bytes_read, true);
31 }
32 close (fd);
33 }
34 return success ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE;
35}
diff --git a/examples/insult.c b/examples/insult.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98c4e6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/insult.c
@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
1/* Insult.c
2
3 This is a version of the famous CS 107 random sentence
4 generator. I wrote a program that reads a grammar definition
5 file and writes a C file containing that grammar as hard code
6 static C strings. Thus the majority of the code below in
7 machine generated and totally unreadable. The arrays created
8 are specially designed to make generating the sentences as
9 easy as possible.
10
11 Originally by Greg Hutchins, March 1998.
12 Modified by Ben Pfaff for Pintos, Sept 2004. */
13char *start[] =
14 { "You", "1", "5", ".", "May", "13", ".", "With", "the", "19", "of", "18",
15",", "may", "13", "."
16};
17char startLoc[] = { 3, 0, 4, 7, 16 };
18char *adj[] = { "3", "4", "2", ",", "1" };
19char adjLoc[] = { 3, 0, 1, 2, 5 };
20char *adj3[] = { "3", "4" };
21char adj3Loc[] = { 2, 0, 1, 2 };
22char *adj1[] =
23 { "lame", "dried", "up", "par-broiled", "bloated", "half-baked", "spiteful",
24"egotistical", "ungrateful", "stupid", "moronic", "fat", "ugly", "puny", "pitiful",
25"insignificant", "blithering", "repulsive", "worthless", "blundering", "retarded",
26"useless", "obnoxious", "low-budget", "assinine", "neurotic", "subhuman", "crochety",
27"indescribable", "contemptible", "unspeakable", "sick", "lazy", "good-for-nothing",
28"slutty", "mentally-deficient", "creepy", "sloppy", "dismal", "pompous", "pathetic",
29"friendless", "revolting", "slovenly", "cantankerous", "uncultured", "insufferable",
30"gross", "unkempt", "defective", "crumby"
31};
32char adj1Loc[] =
33 { 50, 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
3421, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
3543, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 };
36char *adj2[] =
37 { "putrefied", "festering", "funky", "moldy", "leprous", "curdled", "fetid",
38"slimy", "crusty", "sweaty", "damp", "deranged", "smelly", "stenchy", "malignant",
39"noxious", "grimy", "reeky", "nasty", "mutilated", "sloppy", "gruesome", "grisly",
40"sloshy", "wormy", "mealy", "spoiled", "contaminated", "rancid", "musty",
41"fly-covered", "moth-eaten", "decaying", "decomposed", "freeze-dried", "defective",
42"petrified", "rotting", "scabrous", "hirsute"
43};
44char adj2Loc[] =
45 { 40, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
4620, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 };
47char *name[] =
48 { "10", ",", "bad", "excuse", "for", "6", ",", "6", "for", "brains", ",",
49"4", "11", "8", "for", "brains", "offspring", "of", "a", "motherless", "10", "7", "6",
50"7", "4", "11", "8"
51};
52char nameLoc[] = { 7, 0, 1, 6, 10, 16, 21, 23, 27 };
53char *stuff[] =
54 { "shit", "toe", "jam", "filth", "puss", "earwax", "leaf", "clippings",
55"bat", "guano", "mucus", "fungus", "mung", "refuse", "earwax", "spittoon", "spittle",
56"phlegm"
57};
58char stuffLoc[] = { 14, 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18 };
59char *noun_and_prep[] =
60 { "bit", "of", "piece", "of", "vat", "of", "lump", "of", "crock", "of",
61"ball", "of", "tub", "of", "load", "of", "bucket", "of", "mound", "of", "glob", "of", "bag",
62"of", "heap", "of", "mountain", "of", "load", "of", "barrel", "of", "sack", "of", "blob", "of",
63"pile", "of", "truckload", "of", "vat", "of"
64};
65char noun_and_prepLoc[] =
66 { 21, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36,
6738, 40, 42 };
68char *organics[] =
69 { "droppings", "mung", "zits", "puckies", "tumors", "cysts", "tumors",
70"livers", "froth", "parts", "scabs", "guts", "entrails", "blubber", "carcuses", "gizards",
71"9"
72};
73char organicsLoc[] =
74 { 17, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 };
75char *body_parts[] =
76 { "kidneys", "genitals", "buttocks", "earlobes", "innards", "feet"
77};
78char body_partsLoc[] = { 6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };
79char *noun[] =
80 { "pop", "tart", "warthog", "twinkie", "barnacle", "fondue", "pot",
81"cretin", "fuckwad", "moron", "ass", "neanderthal", "nincompoop", "simpleton", "11"
82};
83char nounLoc[] = { 13, 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 };
84char *animal[] =
85 { "donkey", "llama", "dingo", "lizard", "gekko", "lemur", "moose", "camel",
86"goat", "eel"
87};
88char animalLoc[] = { 10, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
89char *good_verb[] =
90 { "love", "cuddle", "fondle", "adore", "smooch", "hug", "caress", "worship",
91"look", "at", "touch"
92};
93char good_verbLoc[] = { 10, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 };
94char *curse[] =
95 { "14", "20", "23", "14", "17", "20", "23", "14", "find", "your", "9",
96"suddenly", "delectable", "14", "and", "14", "seek", "a", "battleground", "23"
97};
98char curseLoc[] = { 4, 0, 3, 7, 13, 20 };
99char *afflictors[] =
100 { "15", "21", "15", "21", "15", "21", "15", "21", "a", "22", "Rush",
101"Limbaugh", "the", "hosts", "of", "Hades"
102};
103char afflictorsLoc[] = { 6, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16 };
104char *quantity[] =
105 { "a", "4", "hoard", "of", "a", "4", "pack", "of", "a", "truckload", "of",
106"a", "swarm", "of", "many", "an", "army", "of", "a", "4", "heard", "of", "a", "4",
107"platoon", "of", "a", "4", "and", "4", "group", "of", "16"
108};
109char quantityLoc[] = { 10, 0, 4, 8, 11, 14, 15, 18, 22, 26, 32, 33 };
110char *numbers[] =
111 { "a", "thousand", "three", "million", "ninty-nine", "nine-hundred,",
112"ninty-nine", "forty-two", "a", "gazillion", "sixty-eight", "times", "thirty-three"
113};
114char numbersLoc[] = { 7, 0, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13 };
115char *adv[] =
116 { "viciously", "manicly", "merrily", "happily", ",", "with", "the", "19",
117"of", "18", ",", "gleefully", ",", "with", "much", "ritualistic", "celebration", ",",
118"franticly"
119};
120char advLoc[] = { 8, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 12, 18, 19 };
121char *metaphor[] =
122 { "an", "irate", "manticore", "Thor's", "belch", "Alah's", "fist", "16",
123"titans", "a", "particularly", "vicious", "she-bear", "in", "the", "midst", "of", "her",
124"menstrual", "cycle", "a", "pissed-off", "Jabberwock"
125};
126char metaphorLoc[] = { 6, 0, 3, 5, 7, 9, 20, 23 };
127char *force[] = { "force", "fury", "power", "rage" };
128char forceLoc[] = { 4, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 };
129char *bad_action[] =
130 { "spit", "shimmy", "slobber", "find", "refuge", "find", "shelter", "dance",
131"retch", "vomit", "defecate", "erect", "a", "strip", "mall", "build", "a", "26", "have", "a",
132"religious", "experience", "discharge", "bodily", "waste", "fart", "dance", "drool",
133"lambada", "spill", "16", "rusty", "tacks", "bite", "you", "sneeze", "sing", "16",
134"campfire", "songs", "smite", "you", "16", "times", "construct", "a", "new", "home", "throw",
135"a", "party", "procreate"
136};
137char bad_actionLoc[] =
138 { 25, 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 18, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33,
13935, 36, 40, 44, 48, 51, 52 };
140char *beasties[] =
141 { "yaks", "22", "maggots", "22", "cockroaches", "stinging", "scorpions",
142"fleas", "22", "weasels", "22", "gnats", "South", "American", "killer", "bees", "spiders",
143"4", "monkeys", "22", "wiener-dogs", "22", "rats", "22", "wolverines", "4", ",", "22",
144"pit-fiends"
145};
146char beastiesLoc[] =
147 { 14, 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 16, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 29 };
148char *condition[] =
149 { "frothing", "manic", "crazed", "plague-ridden", "disease-carrying",
150"biting", "rabid", "blood-thirsty", "ravaging", "slavering"
151};
152char conditionLoc[] = { 10, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
153char *place[] =
154 { "in", "24", "25", "upon", "your", "mother's", "grave", "on", "24", "best",
155"rug", "in", "the", "26", "you", "call", "home", "upon", "your", "heinie"
156};
157char placeLoc[] = { 5, 0, 3, 7, 11, 17, 20 };
158char *relation[] =
159 { "your", "your", "your", "your", "father's", "your", "mother's", "your",
160"grandma's"
161};
162char relationLoc[] = { 6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 };
163char *in_something[] =
164 { "entrails", "anal", "cavity", "shoes", "house", "pantry", "general",
165"direction", "pants", "bed"
166};
167char in_somethingLoc[] = { 8, 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 };
168char *bad_place[] =
169 { "rat", "hole", "sewer", "toxic", "dump", "oil", "refinery", "landfill",
170"porto-pottie"
171};
172char bad_placeLoc[] = { 6, 0, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 };
173char **daGrammar[27];
174char *daGLoc[27];
175
176static void
177init_grammar (void)
178{
179 daGrammar[0] = start;
180 daGLoc[0] = startLoc;
181 daGrammar[1] = adj;
182 daGLoc[1] = adjLoc;
183 daGrammar[2] = adj3;
184 daGLoc[2] = adj3Loc;
185 daGrammar[3] = adj1;
186 daGLoc[3] = adj1Loc;
187 daGrammar[4] = adj2;
188 daGLoc[4] = adj2Loc;
189 daGrammar[5] = name;
190 daGLoc[5] = nameLoc;
191 daGrammar[6] = stuff;
192 daGLoc[6] = stuffLoc;
193 daGrammar[7] = noun_and_prep;
194 daGLoc[7] = noun_and_prepLoc;
195 daGrammar[8] = organics;
196 daGLoc[8] = organicsLoc;
197 daGrammar[9] = body_parts;
198 daGLoc[9] = body_partsLoc;
199 daGrammar[10] = noun;
200 daGLoc[10] = nounLoc;
201 daGrammar[11] = animal;
202 daGLoc[11] = animalLoc;
203 daGrammar[12] = good_verb;
204 daGLoc[12] = good_verbLoc;
205 daGrammar[13] = curse;
206 daGLoc[13] = curseLoc;
207 daGrammar[14] = afflictors;
208 daGLoc[14] = afflictorsLoc;
209 daGrammar[15] = quantity;
210 daGLoc[15] = quantityLoc;
211 daGrammar[16] = numbers;
212 daGLoc[16] = numbersLoc;
213 daGrammar[17] = adv;
214 daGLoc[17] = advLoc;
215 daGrammar[18] = metaphor;
216 daGLoc[18] = metaphorLoc;
217 daGrammar[19] = force;
218 daGLoc[19] = forceLoc;
219 daGrammar[20] = bad_action;
220 daGLoc[20] = bad_actionLoc;
221 daGrammar[21] = beasties;
222 daGLoc[21] = beastiesLoc;
223 daGrammar[22] = condition;
224 daGLoc[22] = conditionLoc;
225 daGrammar[23] = place;
226 daGLoc[23] = placeLoc;
227 daGrammar[24] = relation;
228 daGLoc[24] = relationLoc;
229 daGrammar[25] = in_something;
230 daGLoc[25] = in_somethingLoc;
231 daGrammar[26] = bad_place;
232 daGLoc[26] = bad_placeLoc;
233}
234
235#include <ctype.h>
236#include <debug.h>
237#include <random.h>
238#include <stdio.h>
239#include <stdlib.h>
240#include <string.h>
241#include <syscall.h>
242
243void expand (int num, char **grammar[], char *location[], int handle);
244
245static void
246usage (int ret_code, const char *message, ...) PRINTF_FORMAT (2, 3);
247
248static void
249usage (int ret_code, const char *message, ...)
250{
251 va_list args;
252
253 if (message != NULL)
254 {
255 va_start (args, message);
256 vprintf (message, args);
257 va_end (args);
258 }
259
260 printf ("\n"
261 "Usage: insult [OPTION]...\n"
262 "Prints random insults to screen.\n\n"
263 " -h: this help message\n"
264 " -s <integer>: set the random seed (default 4951)\n"
265 " -n <integer>: choose number of insults (default 4)\n"
266 " -f <file>: redirect output to <file>\n");
267
268 exit (ret_code);
269}
270
271int
272main (int argc, char *argv[])
273{
274 int sentence_cnt, new_seed, i, file_flag, sent_flag, seed_flag;
275 int handle;
276
277 new_seed = 4951;
278 sentence_cnt = 4;
279 file_flag = 0;
280 seed_flag = 0;
281 sent_flag = 0;
282 handle = STDOUT_FILENO;
283
284 for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
285 {
286 if (strcmp (argv[1], "-h") == 0)
287 usage (0, NULL);
288 else if (strcmp (argv[i], "-s") == 0)
289 {
290 if (seed_flag++)
291 usage (-1, "Can't have more than one seed");
292 if (++i >= argc)
293 usage (-1, "Missing value for -s");
294 new_seed = atoi (argv[i]);
295 }
296 else if (strcmp (argv[i], "-n") == 0)
297 {
298 if (sent_flag++)
299 usage (-1, "Can't have more than one sentence option");
300 if (++i >= argc)
301 usage (-1, "Missing value for -n");
302 sentence_cnt = atoi (argv[i]);
303 if (sentence_cnt < 1)
304 usage (-1, "Must have at least one sentence");
305 }
306 else if (strcmp (argv[i], "-f") == 0)
307 {
308 if (file_flag++)
309 usage (-1, "Can't have more than one output file");
310 if (++i >= argc)
311 usage (-1, "Missing value for -f");
312
313 /* Because files have fixed length in the basic Pintos
314 file system, the 0 argument means that this option
315 will not be useful until project 4 is
316 implemented. */
317 create (argv[i], 0);
318 handle = open (argv[i]);
319 if (handle < 0)
320 {
321 printf ("%s: open failed\n", argv[i]);
322 return EXIT_FAILURE;
323 }
324 }
325 else
326 usage (-1, "Unrecognized flag");
327 }
328
329 init_grammar ();
330
331 random_init (new_seed);
332 hprintf (handle, "\n");
333
334 for (i = 0; i < sentence_cnt; i++)
335 {
336 hprintf (handle, "\n");
337 expand (0, daGrammar, daGLoc, handle);
338 hprintf (handle, "\n\n");
339 }
340
341 if (file_flag)
342 close (handle);
343
344 return EXIT_SUCCESS;
345}
346
347void
348expand (int num, char **grammar[], char *location[], int handle)
349{
350 char *word;
351 int i, which, listStart, listEnd;
352
353 which = random_ulong () % location[num][0] + 1;
354 listStart = location[num][which];
355 listEnd = location[num][which + 1];
356 for (i = listStart; i < listEnd; i++)
357 {
358 word = grammar[num][i];
359 if (!isdigit (*word))
360 {
361 if (!ispunct (*word))
362 hprintf (handle, " ");
363 hprintf (handle, "%s", word);
364 }
365 else
366 expand (atoi (word), grammar, location, handle);
367 }
368
369}
diff --git a/examples/lib/.gitignore b/examples/lib/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a438335
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/lib/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
*.d
diff --git a/examples/lib/user/.dummy b/examples/lib/user/.dummy
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/lib/user/.dummy
diff --git a/examples/lib/user/.gitignore b/examples/lib/user/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a438335
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/lib/user/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
*.d
diff --git a/examples/lineup.c b/examples/lineup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60402d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/lineup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
1/* lineup.c
2
3 Converts a file to uppercase in-place.
4
5 Incidentally, another way to do this while avoiding the seeks
6 would be to open the input file, then remove() it and reopen
7 it under another handle. Because of Unix deletion semantics
8 this works fine. */
9
10#include <ctype.h>
11#include <stdio.h>
12#include <syscall.h>
13
14int
15main (int argc, char *argv[])
16{
17 char buf[1024];
18 int handle;
19
20 if (argc != 2)
21 exit (1);
22
23 handle = open (argv[1]);
24 if (handle < 0)
25 exit (2);
26
27 for (;;)
28 {
29 int n, i;
30
31 n = read (handle, buf, sizeof buf);
32 if (n <= 0)
33 break;
34
35 for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
36 buf[i] = toupper ((unsigned char) buf[i]);
37
38 seek (handle, tell (handle) - n);
39 if (write (handle, buf, n) != n)
40 printf ("write failed\n");
41 }
42
43 close (handle);
44
45 return EXIT_SUCCESS;
46}
diff --git a/examples/ls.c b/examples/ls.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fbe27a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/ls.c
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
1/* ls.c
2
3 Lists the contents of the directory or directories named on
4 the command line, or of the current directory if none are
5 named.
6
7 By default, only the name of each file is printed. If "-l" is
8 given as the first argument, the type, size, and inumber of
9 each file is also printed. This won't work until project 4. */
10
11#include <syscall.h>
12#include <stdio.h>
13#include <string.h>
14
15static bool
16list_dir (const char *dir, bool verbose)
17{
18 int dir_fd = open (dir);
19 if (dir_fd == -1)
20 {
21 printf ("%s: not found\n", dir);
22 return false;
23 }
24
25 if (isdir (dir_fd))
26 {
27 char name[READDIR_MAX_LEN];
28
29 printf ("%s", dir);
30 if (verbose)
31 printf (" (inumber %d)", inumber (dir_fd));
32 printf (":\n");
33
34 while (readdir (dir_fd, name))
35 {
36 printf ("%s", name);
37 if (verbose)
38 {
39 char full_name[128];
40 int entry_fd;
41
42 snprintf (full_name, sizeof full_name, "%s/%s", dir, name);
43 entry_fd = open (full_name);
44
45 printf (": ");
46 if (entry_fd != -1)
47 {
48 if (isdir (entry_fd))
49 printf ("directory");
50 else
51 printf ("%d-byte file", filesize (entry_fd));
52 printf (", inumber %d", inumber (entry_fd));
53 }
54 else
55 printf ("open failed");
56 close (entry_fd);
57 }
58 printf ("\n");
59 }
60 }
61 else
62 printf ("%s: not a directory\n", dir);
63 close (dir_fd);
64 return true;
65}
66
67int
68main (int argc, char *argv[])
69{
70 bool success = true;
71 bool verbose = false;
72
73 if (argc > 1 && !strcmp (argv[1], "-l"))
74 {
75 verbose = true;
76 argv++;
77 argc--;
78 }
79
80 if (argc <= 1)
81 success = list_dir (".", verbose);
82 else
83 {
84 int i;
85 for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
86 if (!list_dir (argv[i], verbose))
87 success = false;
88 }
89 return success ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE;
90}
diff --git a/examples/matmult.c b/examples/matmult.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f0615f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/matmult.c
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
1/* matmult.c
2
3 Test program to do matrix multiplication on large arrays.
4
5 Intended to stress virtual memory system.
6
7 Ideally, we could read the matrices off of the file system,
8 and store the result back to the file system!
9 */
10
11#include <stdio.h>
12#include <syscall.h>
13
14/* You should define DIM to be large enough that the arrays
15 don't fit in physical memory.
16
17 Dim Memory
18 ------ --------
19 16 3 kB
20 64 48 kB
21 128 192 kB
22 256 768 kB
23 512 3,072 kB
24 1,024 12,288 kB
25 2,048 49,152 kB
26 4,096 196,608 kB
27 8,192 786,432 kB
28 16,384 3,145,728 kB */
29#define DIM 128
30
31int A[DIM][DIM];
32int B[DIM][DIM];
33int C[DIM][DIM];
34
35int
36main (void)
37{
38 int i, j, k;
39
40 /* Initialize the matrices. */
41 for (i = 0; i < DIM; i++)
42 for (j = 0; j < DIM; j++)
43 {
44 A[i][j] = i;
45 B[i][j] = j;
46 C[i][j] = 0;
47 }
48
49 /* Multiply matrices. */
50 for (i = 0; i < DIM; i++)
51 for (j = 0; j < DIM; j++)
52 for (k = 0; k < DIM; k++)
53 C[i][j] += A[i][k] * B[k][j];
54
55 /* Done. */
56 exit (C[DIM - 1][DIM - 1]);
57}
diff --git a/examples/mcat.c b/examples/mcat.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b39760
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/mcat.c
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
1/* mcat.c
2
3 Prints files specified on command line to the console, using
4 mmap. */
5
6#include <stdio.h>
7#include <syscall.h>
8
9int
10main (int argc, char *argv[])
11{
12 int i;
13
14 for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
15 {
16 int fd;
17 mapid_t map;
18 void *data = (void *) 0x10000000;
19 int size;
20
21 /* Open input file. */
22 fd = open (argv[i]);
23 if (fd < 0)
24 {
25 printf ("%s: open failed\n", argv[i]);
26 return EXIT_FAILURE;
27 }
28 size = filesize (fd);
29
30 /* Map files. */
31 map = mmap (fd, data);
32 if (map == MAP_FAILED)
33 {
34 printf ("%s: mmap failed\n", argv[i]);
35 return EXIT_FAILURE;
36 }
37
38 /* Write file to console. */
39 write (STDOUT_FILENO, data, size);
40
41 /* Unmap files (optional). */
42 munmap (map);
43 }
44 return EXIT_SUCCESS;
45}
diff --git a/examples/mcp.c b/examples/mcp.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6091dc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/mcp.c
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
1/* mcp.c
2
3 Copies one file to another, using mmap. */
4
5#include <stdio.h>
6#include <string.h>
7#include <syscall.h>
8
9int
10main (int argc, char *argv[])
11{
12 int in_fd, out_fd;
13 mapid_t in_map, out_map;
14 void *in_data = (void *) 0x10000000;
15 void *out_data = (void *) 0x20000000;
16 int size;
17
18 if (argc != 3)
19 {
20 printf ("usage: cp OLD NEW\n");
21 return EXIT_FAILURE;
22 }
23
24 /* Open input file. */
25 in_fd = open (argv[1]);
26 if (in_fd < 0)
27 {
28 printf ("%s: open failed\n", argv[1]);
29 return EXIT_FAILURE;
30 }
31 size = filesize (in_fd);
32
33 /* Create and open output file. */
34 if (!create (argv[2], size))
35 {
36 printf ("%s: create failed\n", argv[2]);
37 return EXIT_FAILURE;
38 }
39 out_fd = open (argv[2]);
40 if (out_fd < 0)
41 {
42 printf ("%s: open failed\n", argv[2]);
43 return EXIT_FAILURE;
44 }
45
46 /* Map files. */
47 in_map = mmap (in_fd, in_data);
48 if (in_map == MAP_FAILED)
49 {
50 printf ("%s: mmap failed\n", argv[1]);
51 return EXIT_FAILURE;
52 }
53 out_map = mmap (out_fd, out_data);
54 if (out_map == MAP_FAILED)
55 {
56 printf ("%s: mmap failed\n", argv[2]);
57 return EXIT_FAILURE;
58 }
59
60 /* Copy files. */
61 memcpy (out_data, in_data, size);
62
63 /* Unmap files (optional). */
64 munmap (in_map);
65 munmap (out_map);
66
67 return EXIT_SUCCESS;
68}
diff --git a/examples/mkdir.c b/examples/mkdir.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ddbc3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/mkdir.c
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
1/* mkdir.c
2
3 Creates a directory. */
4
5#include <stdio.h>
6#include <syscall.h>
7
8int
9main (int argc, char *argv[])
10{
11 if (argc != 2)
12 {
13 printf ("usage: %s DIRECTORY\n", argv[0]);
14 return EXIT_FAILURE;
15 }
16
17 if (!mkdir (argv[1]))
18 {
19 printf ("%s: mkdir failed\n", argv[1]);
20 return EXIT_FAILURE;
21 }
22
23 return EXIT_SUCCESS;
24}
diff --git a/examples/pwd.c b/examples/pwd.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2305cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/pwd.c
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
1/* pwd.c
2
3 Prints the absolute name of the present working directory. */
4
5#include <syscall.h>
6#include <stdbool.h>
7#include <stdio.h>
8#include <string.h>
9
10static bool getcwd (char *cwd, size_t cwd_size);
11
12int
13main (void)
14{
15 char cwd[128];
16 if (getcwd (cwd, sizeof cwd))
17 {
18 printf ("%s\n", cwd);
19 return EXIT_SUCCESS;
20 }
21 else
22 {
23 printf ("error\n");
24 return EXIT_FAILURE;
25 }
26}
27
28/* Stores the inode number for FILE_NAME in *INUM.
29 Returns true if successful, false if the file could not be
30 opened. */
31static bool
32get_inumber (const char *file_name, int *inum)
33{
34 int fd = open (file_name);
35 if (fd >= 0)
36 {
37 *inum = inumber (fd);
38 close (fd);
39 return true;
40 }
41 else
42 return false;
43}
44
45/* Prepends PREFIX to the characters stored in the final *DST_LEN
46 bytes of the DST_SIZE-byte buffer that starts at DST.
47 Returns true if successful, false if adding that many
48 characters, plus a null terminator, would overflow the buffer.
49 (No null terminator is actually added or depended upon, but
50 its space is accounted for.) */
51static bool
52prepend (const char *prefix,
53 char *dst, size_t *dst_len, size_t dst_size)
54{
55 size_t prefix_len = strlen (prefix);
56 if (prefix_len + *dst_len + 1 <= dst_size)
57 {
58 *dst_len += prefix_len;
59 memcpy ((dst + dst_size) - *dst_len, prefix, prefix_len);
60 return true;
61 }
62 else
63 return false;
64}
65
66/* Stores the current working directory, as a null-terminated
67 string, in the CWD_SIZE bytes in CWD.
68 Returns true if successful, false on error. Errors include
69 system errors, directory trees deeper than MAX_LEVEL levels,
70 and insufficient space in CWD. */
71static bool
72getcwd (char *cwd, size_t cwd_size)
73{
74 size_t cwd_len = 0;
75
76#define MAX_LEVEL 20
77 char name[MAX_LEVEL * 3 + 1 + READDIR_MAX_LEN + 1];
78 char *namep;
79
80 int child_inum;
81
82 /* Make sure there's enough space for at least "/". */
83 if (cwd_size < 2)
84 return false;
85
86 /* Get inumber for current directory. */
87 if (!get_inumber (".", &child_inum))
88 return false;
89
90 namep = name;
91 for (;;)
92 {
93 int parent_inum, parent_fd;
94
95 /* Compose "../../../..", etc., in NAME. */
96 if ((namep - name) > MAX_LEVEL * 3)
97 return false;
98 *namep++ = '.';
99 *namep++ = '.';
100 *namep = '\0';
101
102 /* Open directory. */
103 parent_fd = open (name);
104 if (parent_fd < 0)
105 return false;
106 *namep++ = '/';
107
108 /* If parent and child have the same inumber,
109 then we've arrived at the root. */
110 parent_inum = inumber (parent_fd);
111 if (parent_inum == child_inum)
112 break;
113
114 /* Find name of file in parent directory with the child's
115 inumber. */
116 for (;;)
117 {
118 int test_inum;
119 if (!readdir (parent_fd, namep) || !get_inumber (name, &test_inum))
120 {
121 close (parent_fd);
122 return false;
123 }
124 if (test_inum == child_inum)
125 break;
126 }
127 close (parent_fd);
128
129 /* Prepend "/name" to CWD. */
130 if (!prepend (namep - 1, cwd, &cwd_len, cwd_size))
131 return false;
132
133 /* Move up. */
134 child_inum = parent_inum;
135 }
136
137 /* Finalize CWD. */
138 if (cwd_len > 0)
139 {
140 /* Move the string to the beginning of CWD,
141 and null-terminate it. */
142 memmove (cwd, (cwd + cwd_size) - cwd_len, cwd_len);
143 cwd[cwd_len] = '\0';
144 }
145 else
146 {
147 /* Special case for the root. */
148 strlcpy (cwd, "/", cwd_size);
149 }
150
151 return true;
152}
diff --git a/examples/recursor.c b/examples/recursor.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79c784a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/recursor.c
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
1#include <stdio.h>
2#include <stdlib.h>
3#include <syscall.h>
4
5int
6main (int argc, char *argv[])
7{
8 char buffer[128];
9 pid_t pid;
10 int retval = 0;
11
12 if (argc != 4)
13 {
14 printf ("usage: recursor <string> <depth> <waitp>\n");
15 exit (1);
16 }
17
18 /* Print args. */
19 printf ("%s %s %s %s\n", argv[0], argv[1], argv[2], argv[3]);
20
21 /* Execute child and wait for it to finish if requested. */
22 if (atoi (argv[2]) != 0)
23 {
24 snprintf (buffer, sizeof buffer,
25 "recursor %s %d %s", argv[1], atoi (argv[2]) - 1, argv[3]);
26 pid = exec (buffer);
27 if (atoi (argv[3]))
28 retval = wait (pid);
29 }
30
31 /* Done. */
32 printf ("%s %s: dying, retval=%d\n", argv[1], argv[2], retval);
33 exit (retval);
34}
diff --git a/examples/rm.c b/examples/rm.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0db7f7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/rm.c
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
1/* rm.c
2
3 Removes files specified on command line. */
4
5#include <stdio.h>
6#include <syscall.h>
7
8int
9main (int argc, char *argv[])
10{
11 bool success = true;
12 int i;
13
14 for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
15 if (!remove (argv[i]))
16 {
17 printf ("%s: remove failed\n", argv[i]);
18 success = false;
19 }
20 return success ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE;
21}
diff --git a/examples/shell.c b/examples/shell.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93641b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/shell.c
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
1#include <stdbool.h>
2#include <stdio.h>
3#include <string.h>
4#include <syscall.h>
5
6static void read_line (char line[], size_t);
7static bool backspace (char **pos, char line[]);
8
9int
10main (void)
11{
12 printf ("Shell starting...\n");
13 for (;;)
14 {
15 char command[80];
16
17 /* Read command. */
18 printf ("--");
19 read_line (command, sizeof command);
20
21 /* Execute command. */
22 if (!strcmp (command, "exit"))
23 break;
24 else if (!memcmp (command, "cd ", 3))
25 {
26 if (!chdir (command + 3))
27 printf ("\"%s\": chdir failed\n", command + 3);
28 }
29 else if (command[0] == '\0')
30 {
31 /* Empty command. */
32 }
33 else
34 {
35 pid_t pid = exec (command);
36 if (pid != PID_ERROR)
37 printf ("\"%s\": exit code %d\n", command, wait (pid));
38 else
39 printf ("exec failed\n");
40 }
41 }
42
43 printf ("Shell exiting.");
44 return EXIT_SUCCESS;
45}
46
47/* Reads a line of input from the user into LINE, which has room
48 for SIZE bytes. Handles backspace and Ctrl+U in the ways
49 expected by Unix users. On return, LINE will always be
50 null-terminated and will not end in a new-line character. */
51static void
52read_line (char line[], size_t size)
53{
54 char *pos = line;
55 for (;;)
56 {
57 char c;
58 read (STDIN_FILENO, &c, 1);
59
60 switch (c)
61 {
62 case '\r':
63 *pos = '\0';
64 putchar ('\n');
65 return;
66
67 case '\b':
68 backspace (&pos, line);
69 break;
70
71 case ('U' - 'A') + 1: /* Ctrl+U. */
72 while (backspace (&pos, line))
73 continue;
74 break;
75
76 default:
77 /* Add character to line. */
78 if (pos < line + size - 1)
79 {
80 putchar (c);
81 *pos++ = c;
82 }
83 break;
84 }
85 }
86}
87
88/* If *POS is past the beginning of LINE, backs up one character
89 position. Returns true if successful, false if nothing was
90 done. */
91static bool
92backspace (char **pos, char line[])
93{
94 if (*pos > line)
95 {
96 /* Back up cursor, overwrite character, back up
97 again. */
98 printf ("\b \b");
99 (*pos)--;
100 return true;
101 }
102 else
103 return false;
104}
diff --git a/examples/test.c b/examples/test.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..44dc307
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/test.c
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
1/* test.c
2
3 Experiments with syscalls
4 argc < 2 Print Hello World
5 argv[1][0] == 'p' print argv[2]
6 == 'e' Exec Test
7 == 'f' File test
8 == 'F' File descriptor stress test
9 == 'h' Halt
10 == '0' Null-Pointer Access
11*/
12
13#include <stdio.h>
14#include <syscall.h>
15
16#define LARGE_BUF_SIZE 4150
17char large_buf[LARGE_BUF_SIZE];
18
19#define NUM_EXEC_CHILDS 7
20char *execs[NUM_EXEC_CHILDS] = { "test", "test p FOO", "test p BAR", "test f", "test 0", &large_buf[0], "test^" };
21
22#define MAX_FD 4097
23
24static void init_args(void);
25static void init_args()
26{
27 int i = 0;
28 char *t = "";
29 while(i < LARGE_BUF_SIZE-1) {
30 if(!*t) t = "test ";
31 large_buf[i++] = *t++;
32 }
33 large_buf[LARGE_BUF_SIZE-1]='\0';
34}
35
36int
37main (int argc, char** argv)
38{
39 if(argc < 2) {
40 printf("Hello World!\n");
41 exit(0);
42 }
43 init_args();
44 if(argv[1][0] == 'e') {
45 int r = 0;
46 int i;
47 int tid[NUM_EXEC_CHILDS];
48
49 for(i = 0; i < NUM_EXEC_CHILDS; i++) {
50 tid[i] = exec(execs[i]);
51 }
52 for(i = 0; i < NUM_EXEC_CHILDS; i++) {
53 if (tid[i] >= 0) {
54 r = wait(tid[i]);
55 printf("P child %d exited with exit code %d\n",i, r);
56 } else {
57 printf("P child %d failed to start\n", i);
58 }
59 }
60 } else if(argv[1][0] == 'f') {
61 char buf[10];
62 int r;
63 create ("test.txt", 10);
64 int handle = open ("test.txt");
65 if (handle < 2)
66 printf ("open(test.txt) returned %d", handle);
67 if ((r=write(handle,"987654321",10)) != 10) {
68 printf("write failed: %d not %d\n",r,10);
69 exit(1);
70 }
71 seek(handle,0);
72 if ((r=read(handle, buf, 10)) != 10) {
73 printf("read failed: %d not %d\n",r,10);
74 exit(1);
75 }
76 printf("test.txt: %s\n", buf);
77 } else if(argv[1][0] == 'F') {
78 int j,i;
79 create ("foo.txt", 10);
80 for (j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
81 for (i = 2; i <= MAX_FD; i++) {
82 if (open ("foo.txt") < 0) {
83 printf("Opening the %d's file failed\n",i-2);
84 break;
85 }
86 }
87 while(--i >= 2) {
88 close (i);
89 }
90 }
91 } else if(argv[1][0] == '0') {
92 printf("Null pointer value is: %d\n",*((int*)NULL));
93 } else if(argv[1][0] == 'h') {
94 halt();
95 } else if(argv[1][0] == 'p' && argc >= 3) {
96 printf("%s\n", argv[2]);
97 } else {
98 printf("ARGV[1] is %s\n", argv[1]);
99 }
100 return 0;
101}
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